Fuel
A fuel stores energy in chemical bonds or in a nucleus, and the two are separated by about six orders of magnitude. What they have in common is not a chemistry but an economics: each was, in its period, the cheapest way to obtain heat at the scale required.
Energy density is two numbers and confusing them is the commonest error in the field. Hydrogen has the highest energy per unit mass of any chemical fuel and among the lowest per unit volume, which is why it suits a rocket and is awkward in a car.
Material
Charcoal
and the reason it exists: it burns hotter and cleaner than the wood it came from, and weighs a fraction as much to carry
Rock
Coal
the one that made industrial-scale heat possible before oil, and still a third of world electricity
Material
Crude oil
overwhelmingly, by tonnage — the petrochemical fraction is a small share of the barrel and a large share of its value
Material
Peat
where there was no wood and no coal, which describes much of Ireland, the Scottish islands and the Baltic
Each of these uses is established and cited on its own. Whether something counts as an ore, for instance, depends on grade, price and era — and those qualifications are shown alongside it.